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1. Introduction
2. English Front Vowels
2.1 [i]
2.2 [æ]
2.3 [e]
2.4 Practice
2.5 [ɪ]
2.6 [ɛ]
2.7 'Off-glides' on [i] and [e]
2.8 Summary and Transcription Practice
3. English Back Vowels
3.1 [u]
3.2 [o]
3.3 [ɑ]
3.4 Summary & Transcription Practice
3.5 [ʊ]
3.6 [ɔ]
3.7 Off-glides Again: [u] > [uʊ] and [o] > [oʊ]
3.8 Summary
3.9 Transcription Practice
4. Central Vowels and Diphthongs
4.1 The Caret [ʌ]
4.2 The Schwa: [ə]
4.3 Summary & Transcription Practice
4.4 [a]
4.5 [aɪ]
4.6 [aʊ]
4.7 [ɔɪ]
4.8 Summary & Transcription Practice
5. Predictable Alternations & Related Effects
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vowel Length
5.3 Canadian Raising
5.4 Nasalization Alternations
5.5 Effects of [r] on vowels
5.6 Transcription Practice
6. How do Sound-Waves Create Speech Sounds?
6.0 Introduction
6.1 'Raw' (Unanalyzed) Sound Waves
6.2 Fourier Analysis
6.3 Spectrograms
7. Acoustic Analysis of Vowels
7.1 F0
7.2 F1 & Acoustic Correlates of Height
7.3 F2 & Acoustic Correlates of Front/Back
7.4 Other Factors: Lip Rounding & Higher Formants
7.5 Analysis Practice
8. Acoustic Analysis of Consonants
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Oral Stops
8.2 Sonorant Consonants
8.3 Noise: the Acoustics of Fricatives
8.4 Analysis Practice